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Text 15. Profit (Доход)
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pursuit [pq'sjHt]
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1) преследование, погоня; 2) поиски; 3) стремление
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to derive [tu dI'raIv]
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получать, извлекать (from)
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to acquire [tu q'kwaIq]
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1) получать, приобретать; 2) извлекать; 3) овладевать (знаниями)
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sociologist
["sOusI'OlqdZIst]
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социолог
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by means of [baI mJnz qv]
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посредством
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conscious ['kOnSqs]
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сознательный, осознанный; сознающий
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enterprise ['entqpraIz]
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1) предприятие (смелое, рискованное);
2) промышленное предприятие; 5) завод, фабрика
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antiquity [xn'tIkwItI]
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древность, старина, античность
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to remunerate
[tu rI'mjHnqreIt]
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вознаграждать, компенсировать, оплачивать
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laborer ['leIbqrq]
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неквалифицированный рабочий
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exploitative [Iks'plOItqtIv]
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эксплуататорский
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to argue [tu 'RgjH]
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1) аргументировать, приводить доводы, доказывать, утверждать; 2) обсуждать; 3) спорить
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critical ['krItIk(q)l]
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критический, решающий, переломный
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measure ['meZq]
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1) мера, мерило, критерий; 2) масштаб; 3) степень;
4) предел; 5) мероприятие
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bonus ['bOunqs]
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1) премия, вознаграждение; 2) бонус; 3) добавочный дивиденд
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innovation ["InOu'veIS(q)n]
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1) новшество, нововведение; 2) рационализаторское предложение
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The pursuit and realization of profit is an essential characteristic of capitalism. Profit is derived by selling a product for more than the cost required to produce or acquire it. Some consider the pursuit of profit to be the essence of capitalism. Sociologist and economist, Max Weber, says that "capitalism is identical with the pursuit of profit, and forever renewed profit, by means of conscious, rational, capitalistic enterprise". However, it is not a unique characteristic for capitalism, some practiced profitable barter and monetary profit has been known since antiquity.
Opponents of capitalism often protest that private owners of capital do not remunerate laborers the full value of their production but keep a portion as profit, claiming this to be exploitative. However, defenders of capitalism argue that when a worker is paid the wage for which he agreed to work, there is no exploitation, especially in a free market where no one else is making an offer more desirable to the worker; that "the full value of a worker's production" is based on his work, not on how much profit is created, something that depends almost entirely on factors that are independent of the worker's performance; that profit is a critical measure of how much value is created by the production process; that the private owners are the ones who should decide how much of the profit is to be used to increase the compensation of the workers (which they often do, as bonuses); and that profit provides the capital for further growth and innovation.
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READ AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
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1.
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How can profit be derived?
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2.
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Is the pursuit of profits a unique characteristic of capitalism?
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3.
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What do defenders of capitalism think the value of a worker's production is based on?
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