|
|
|
Text 12. Etymology of the Word "Capitalism"
(Этимология слова "капитализм")
|
|
|
Для правильного отображения транскрипции скачайте и установите шрифт "PhoneticTM.ttf" - кликните правой кнопкой мыши и выберите "сохранить ссылку (объект) как".
|
etymology ["etI'mOlqdZI]
|
этимология
|
|
cattle ['kxtl]
|
крупный рогатый скот (КРС)
|
|
chattel ['tSxtl]
|
1) движимое имущество; 2) раб, крепостной, невольник
|
|
to derive [tu dI'raIv]
|
происходить, получать, извлекать
|
|
novelist ['nOvqlIst]
|
писатель-романист
|
|
widespread ['waIdspred]
|
широко распространенный
|
|
to evidence [tu 'evId(q)ns]
|
1) служить доказательством, показывать; 2) удостоверять, свидетельствовать, подтверждать; 3) давать показания, выступать свидетелем
|
|
Protestant ethic
['prOtIst(q)nt 'eTIk]
|
протестантская этика (система морали и правил поведения, характерная для пуританского направления протестантизма; требовала от своих сторонников этической последовательности путем строгого воздержания (аскетизм) и честного, упорного и смиренного исполнения своих мирских обязанностей, прежде всего земного труда, который объявлялся добродетелью и способствовал накоплению богатства, что также считалось богоугодным делом; согласно М. Веберу, протестантская этика способствовала возникновению и развитию капитализма в Европе и Северной Америке)
|
|
capitalist class
['kxpItqlIst klRs]
|
класс капиталистов
|
|
usage ['jHsIdZ]
|
использование; применение; употребление; эксплуатация
|
The etymology of the word capital has roots in the trade and ownership of animals. The Latin root of the word capital is capitalis, from the proto-Indo-European kaput, which means "head", this being how wealth was measured. The more heads of cattle, the better. The terms chattel (meaning goods, animals, or slaves) and even cattle itself also derive from this same origin.
The first use of the word "Kapitalist", "capitalist" was in the Communist Manifesto in 1848 by Marx and Engels, however, "kapitalismus," the german word for "capitalism" was not used. The first use of the word "capitalism" is by novelist Thackeray in 1854, by which he meant ownership of a large amount of capital. In 1867 Proudhon used the term "capitalist" to refer to owners of capital, and Marx and Engels refer to the "capitalist form of production" ("kapitalistische Produktionsform") and in Das Kapital to "Kapitalist", "capitalist" (meaning a private owner of capital). By the early 20th century the term had become widespread, as evidenced by Max Weber's use of the term in his The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in 1904, and Werner Sombart's 1906 Modern Capitalism.
Under the Marxist theory of ideology, a dominant economic class is believed to have its own ideology serving its class interests. The ideology of the "capitalist class" or bourgeois also came to be known as "capitalism", giving the word another meaning. This usage has been adopted outside of Marxist circles, and today many economic liberals self-describe as "capitalists", even if they are not personally involved in business investment.
|
READ AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
|
|
1.
|
Where does the etymology of the word “capital” has roots?
|
|
2.
|
Who and when was the first to use the word “capitalist”?
|
|
3.
|
Who and when used the word “capitalism” for the first time?
|
|
4.
|
When has the term “capitalist” become widespread?
|
|
|
|
