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Text 11. What Is Capitalism?
(Что такое капитализм?)
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means of production
[mJnz Ov prq'dAkS(q)n]
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средства производства
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privately owned
['praIvItlI Ound]
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находящийся в частной собственности
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to generate [tu 'dZenqreIt]
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1) порождать(ся); 2) вызывать
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free market [frJ 'mRkIt]
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свободный рынок, свободная торговля
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pursuit of profits
[pq'sjHt qv 'prOfIts]
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погоня за прибылью
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feudalism ['fjHdqlIzm]
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феодализм
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socialism ['sOuSqlIzm]
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социализм
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communism ['kOmjunIzm]
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коммунизм
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intervention
["Intq(:)'venS(q)n]
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1) интервенция, вмешательство; 2) посредничество;
3) валютная интервенция
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mixed economy
[mIkst I(:)'kOnqmI]
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смешанная экономика
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to lay out the principles
[tu leI aut Dq 'prInsqplz]
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изложить принципы
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father ['fRDq]
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1) прародитель; 2) создатель, основатель
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industrial revolution
[In'dAstrIql "revq'lHS(q)n]
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промышленная революция
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the Great Depression
[Dq greIt dI'preS(q)n]
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Великая депрессия (крупнейший экономический кризис, охвативший США, начиная с 1929 и сопровождавшийся резким падением промышленного производства и цен на сельхозпродукцию, широкой волной финансовых банкротств и колоссальным ростом безработицы. Начался при республиканской администрации Г. Гувера, обещавшей избирателям процветание [prosperity]. Официальной датой начала Великой депрессии считается биржевой крах на Уолл-стрит в "черный вторник" [Black Tuesday] 29 октября 1929. К 1933 в США потеряли работу около 16 млн. человек. Президент Ф. Д. Рузвельт [Roosevelt, Franklin Delano], избранный в 1932, повел страну по пути радикального Нового курса [New Deal], но США удалось оправиться от последствий депрессии лишь к началу второй мировой войны.
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the Cold War
[Dq kOuld wL]
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холодная война (противостояние двух политических систем, ассоциировавшееся с двумя ядерными сверхдержавами - США и СССР. Началось после второй мировой войны (1939-45) и продолжалось более 40 лет, закончившись развалом Советского Союза и социалистического лагеря и образованием в Европе и Азии рядом новых государств)
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mentality
[men'txlItI]
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1) менталитет, ментальность, образ мыслей, характерный для определенной общественной группы; 2) интеллект, рассудок, разум
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entrepreneurial spirit
["Ontrqprq'nWrIql 'spIrIt]
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предпринимательский дух, дух предпринимательства (присущее индивиду или нации качество, которое заключается в стремлении к активной экономической деятельности с целью получения прибыли)
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enforceable [In'fLsqbl]
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1) имеющий исковую силу; 2) могущий быть принудительно осуществлённым в судебном порядке; 3) обеспеченный правовой санкцией
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notion ['nOuS(q)n]
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1) понятие, представление, идея; 2) взгляд, мнение, точка зрения
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to institute [tu 'InstItjHt]
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1) учреждать, вводить; 2) основывать
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likely ['laIklI]
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вероятный, возможный
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to generate [tu 'dZenqreIt]
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1) порождать(ся); 2) вызывать
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subject to ['sAbdZIkt tu]
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при условии
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to emphasize
[tu 'emfqsaIz]
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придавать особое значение; подчеркивать; акцентировать
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essence ['esns]
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1) сущность; 2) существо
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movement of capital
['mHvmqnt qv 'kxpItl]
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обращение капитала
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accumulation of capital
[q"kjHmju'leIS(q)n qv
'kxpItl]
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накопление капитала (основных фондов)
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proletariat ["prOulI'tFqrIqt]
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пролетариат (рабочий класс, продающий свою рабочую силу за средства к существованию)
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bourgeois ['buqZwR]
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капиталист, буржуа
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self-organizing ["self'LgqnaIzIN]
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самоорганизующийся; с самоорганизацией
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to pursue [tu pq'sjH]
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1) преследовать (цель); 2) следовать; 3) заниматься чем-л., действовать (по плану); 4) продолжать
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self-interest ["self'IntqrIst]
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собственная выгода, заинтересованность
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altruistically
[xltrH'IstIkqlI]
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альтруистично
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public good ['pAblIk gud]
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общественное благо
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institutionalize
["InstI'tjHSqnqlaIz]
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1) институционализировать, конституировать; 2) помещать в учреждение закрытого типа (специальную больницу, реформаторий, тюрьму)
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capital goods
['kxpItl gudz]
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1) средства производства; 2) капитальное имущество
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private property
['praIvIt 'prOpqtI]
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частная собственность
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to favor
(favour (UK))[tu 'feIvq]
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1) благоприятствовать; 2) помогать; 3) поддерживать, покровительствовать; 4) оказывать предпочтение
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In common usage capitalism refers to an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated in order to generate capital, and where investment and the production, distribution and prices of commodities (goods and services) are determined mainly in a free market, rather than by the state. The means of production are usually operated in pursuit of profits.
Capitalism is contrasted with feudalism, where land is owned by the feudal lords, who collect rent from private operators; socialism, where the means of production is owned and used by the state; and communism, where the means of production is owned and used by the community collectively.
An economy with a large amount of intervention - which may include state ownership of some of the means of production - in combination with some free market characteristics is sometimes referred to as a mixed economy, rather than a capitalist one. Some economists oppose all or almost all state control over an economy. By some definitions, all of the economies in the developed world are capitalist, or mixed economies based on capitalism. Others see the world integrated into a global capitalist system, and even those nations which today resist capitalism, operate within a globalized capitalist economy.
Anders Chydenius was first to propose free trade and industry and to lay out the principles of liberalism in 1765, eleven years before Adam Smith. Yet, Adam Smith became more famous as the intellectual father of capitalism. From then on, most theories of what has come to be called capitalism developed in the 18th century, 19th century and 20th century, for instance in the context of the industrial revolution and European imperialism (e.g. Chydenius, Smith, Ricardo, Marx), The Great Depression (e.g. Keynes) and the Cold war (e.g. Hayek, Friedman).
These theorists characterize capitalism as an economic system in which capital is owned by the capitalist class and economic decisions are determined in a market – that is, by trades that occur as a result of agreement between buyers and sellers; where a market mentality and entrepreneurial spirit exists; and where specific, legally enforceable, notions of property and contract are instituted. Such theories typically try to explain why capitalist economies are likely to generate more economic growth than those subject to a greater degree of governmental intervention.
Some emphasize the private ownership of capital as being the essence of capitalism, or emphasize the importance of a free market as a mechanism for the movement and accumulation of capital, while others measure capitalism through class analysis (i.e. class structure of society, relations between the proletariat and the bourgeois). Some note the growth of a global market system.
Others focus on the application of the market to human labor. Still others, such as Hayek, note the self-organizing character of economies which are not centrally-planned by government. Many, such as Adam Smith, point to what is believed to be the value of individuals pursuing their self-interest as opposed to altruistically working to serve the "public good."
Many of these theories call attention to various economic practices that became institutionalized in Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries, especially involving the right of individuals and groups of individuals acting as "legal persons" (or corporations) to buy and sell capital goods, as well as land, labor, and money, in a free market, and relying on the state for the enforcement of private property rights rather than on a system of feudal protection and obligations.
Aside from referring to an economic or political system, capitalism may also refer to the condition of owning capital. Likewise, in addition to the term "capitalist" referring to someone who favors capitalism, capitalist also commonly refers to a person who owns and controls capital.
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READ AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
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1.
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What does the term “capitalism” usually refer to?
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2.
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What other economic systems do you know? Characterize them briefly.
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3.
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What is a mixed economy?
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4.
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Who is famous for being intellectual father of capitalism?
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5.
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What do many theories of capitalism call attention to?
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